This report reviews the suitability of the FracLEACH parameter used to estimate the proportion of nitrogen (N) applied to agricultural land that is lost via leaching and runoff of N. The current inventory methodology employs a uniform FracLEACH of 0.07 of key N inputs, which is used for estimating a proportion of the indirect nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture.

The NZ Greenhouse Gas Inventory assumes that limestone products have 100% purity, however the purity varies depending on which sedimentary period the limestone was deposited in. This report analyses a range of historic literature, data and new samples to provide an estimate of the actual purity of limestone and dolomite applied to agricultural soils.

The aim of this study was to refine the method of predicting the partitioning of N between urine and dung to assess the impact on the national N2O inventory.

This report presents the results obtained by estimating total dairy sector GHG emissions from the sum of emissions in 17 different regions for the years 1990 and 2006 and compares them with the current estimates of dairy sector emissions which are based a national aggregate model.

This report examines the potential for increasing net removals by pre-1990 forests towards NZ’s NDC target in terms of new practices, their impacts on net removals, their applicability to different forest types and the extent of those forests, and the opportunity to incentivise these management changes.

The report provides estimates of the financial impact on forest growers with pre-1990 forests if they were able to gain carbon recognition for changing forestry practice; specifically if they, changed forest management, rotation length, final crop stocking, growth rate, or converted from a production forest to a permanent forest

International forestry accounting rules under the Paris Agreement allow accounting for carbon sequestration above business-as-usual reference levels in pre-1990 forest that can be shown to result from forest management. This report assesses: management options that may promote carbon sequestration in pre-1990 natural forests relative to baseline levels, conditions where increased sequestration is likely to be observed, the potential magnitude of sequestration responses, and the potential uptake by landowners.

This report evaluates the European Forest Reference Level (FRL) approach proposed for EU member States, as the potential basis for developing New Zealand’s Forest Reference Level. Alternatives to this approach for NZ are also discussed that align with NZ’s national carbon inventory, available data, national circumstances, and forest management practices.